Melanin Found in the Ocean

By Rev. Dr. Philippe SHOCK Matthews

Research Scientist: Africana Phenomenology

Melanin, a pigment known for its protective properties, has been found in various marine microorganisms, including fungi (Dadachova et al., 2007), microorganisms in mineralized marine deposits (Płonka & Grabacka, 2006), aquatic organisms such as whales (Häder et al., 2014), marine actinomycetes (Vasanthabharathi & Jayalakshmi, 2020), black yeast genus *Exophiala* (Moussa et al., 2017), and marine bacterium Vibrio natriegens (Wang et al., 2020). These findings suggest melanin exists in the ocean, indicating its ecological significance and potential applications in biotechnology and medicine.

Melanin's presence in marine microorganisms and its ability to enhance the growth of melanized fungi in extreme environments, such as soils contaminated with radionuclides, highlights its adaptive and protective role (Dadachova et al., 2007). Additionally, the production of melanin by marine actinomycetes and marine bacteria, including Vibrio natriegens, demonstrates its prevalence and importance in marine ecosystems (Vasanthabharathi & Jayalakshmi, 2020; Wang et al., 2020). Furthermore, the presence of melanin in aquatic organisms like whales indicates its role in photoprotection and adaptation to high UV radiation environments in the ocean (Häder et al., 2014).

The diverse sources of melanin in the marine environment underscore its potential for biotechnological and medical applications. Understanding the properties and functions of marine-derived melanin can lead to the development of novel materials with biomedical and biotechnological applications (Wang et al., 2020). Moreover, the review on melanin from marine actinomycetes emphasizes the biotechnological potential and importance of melanin from marine sources (Vasanthabharathi & Jayalakshmi, 2020).

The evidence from various studies supports the presence of melanin in the ocean, particularly in marine microorganisms, aquatic organisms, and marine bacteria. This underscores the ecological significance and potential applications of marine-derived melanin in biotechnology and medicine.

References:

Dadachova, E., Bryan, R., Huang, X., Moadel, T., Schweitzer, A., Aisen, P., … & Casadevall, A. (2007). Ionizing radiation changes the electronic properties of melanin and enhances the growth of melanized fungi. Plos One, 2(5), e457. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0000457 

Häder, D., Williamson, C., Wängberg, S., Rautio, M., Rose, K., Gao, K., … & Worrest, R. (2014). Effects of uv radiation on aquatic ecosystems and interactions with other environmental factors. Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences, 14(1), 108-126. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4pp90035a 

Jayalakshmi, S. (2020). Review on melanin from marine actinomycetes. Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences, 16, 39-42. https://doi.org/10.29169/1927-5129.2020.16.05 

Moussa, T., Al-Zahrani, H., Kadasa, N., Moreno, L., Ende, A., Hoog, G., … & Al‐Hatmi, A. (2017). Nomenclatural notes on nadsoniella and the human opportunist black yeast genus exophiala. Mycoses, 60(6), 358-365. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.12600 

Płonka, P. and Grabacka, M. (2006). Melanin synthesis in microorganisms--biotechnological and medical aspects.. Acta Biochimica Polonica, 53(3), 429-443. https://doi.org/10.18388/abp.2006_3314 

Wang, Z., Tschirhart, T., Schultzhaus, Z., Kelly, E., Chen, A., Oh, E., … & Vora, G. (2020). Melanin produced by the fast-growing marine bacterium vibrio natriegens through heterologous biosynthesis: characterization and application. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 86(5). https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.02749-19

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